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Author: Josh

  • Science: Ions, I

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    (This is with ChatGPT.) Ions are fundamental to virtually every aspect of cellular and systemic physiology. In the extracellular space, sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) are the predominant ions, governing osmotic balance, fluid distribution, and the generation of action potentials in excitable tissues. The high concentration of sodium outside cells compared to its intracellular level…

  • Science: The Early to Now Universe

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    The universe presents an astonishingly uniform facade when observed on its grandest scales, yet beneath this apparent simplicity lie subtle inhomogeneities that serve as profound indicators of its origins and the fundamental laws that shape its existence. These delicate deviations, meticulously measured through advanced cosmological observations, challenge our understanding and invite both rigorous scientific scrutiny…

  • Culture: Social Media

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    A new study has cast a provocative spotlight on social media, suggesting it serves as an incubator for delusional thinking—a process termed “delusion amplification.” This concept implies that platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook don’t merely host false beliefs but actively strengthen them, reinforcing distorted self-perceptions and encouraging what the study calls “excessive mentalistic cognition.”…

  • Philosophy: Limits on Free Speech

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    Introduction: The Paradox of Free Speech Freedom of speech is a bedrock principle of open societies, celebrated as a fundamental right that enables individuals to voice their opinions, challenge authority, and contribute to the collective pursuit of truth. This ideal is codified in international agreements like Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights…

  • Facts-about: Fish

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    Fish are a remarkably diverse group of aquatic vertebrates that have evolved over hundreds of millions of years, showcasing an incredible array of forms, functions, and ecological roles. The term “fish” generally refers to any gill-bearing, aquatic vertebrate, but from an evolutionary standpoint, it describes a paraphyletic group—meaning that while fish share many common traits,…

  • Bitcoin: Satoshi candidates, and why they aren’t

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    The advent of Bitcoin in 2009 marked a paradigm shift in the realm of digital finance, introducing a decentralized cryptocurrency that operates without the need for traditional financial intermediaries. Conceived by an enigmatic figure known only as Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin has not only revolutionized how we perceive and interact with money but has also spawned…

  • History: Pre-Civilisation

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    I. Introduction: Setting the Stage for Humanity’s Deep History (200,000 BCE – 5000 BCE) The narrative of human history extends far beyond the advent of recorded events, stretching back into the vast epochs of prehistory. This report delves into a critical period of this deep history, spanning from approximately 200,000 BCE to 5000 BCE. This…

  • Science: Genetics

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    1. Foundations of Genetics: The field of genetics is fundamentally concerned with understanding heredity, the process by which parents transmit specific traits to their offspring 1. This discipline delves into the intricacies of how these traits are passed from one generation to the next, focusing particularly on genes as the basic units responsible for this…

  • Science: Inflammation

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    The immune system represents a sophisticated and multifaceted network of organs, cells, and proteins dedicated to defending the body against a constant barrage of infectious agents while meticulously safeguarding the integrity of the body’s own cells 1. This intricate defense mechanism possesses a remarkable ability to not only neutralize immediate threats but also to retain…

  • Academic Culture: Inclusion in Hospital Research

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    The increasing recognition of the importance of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) has permeated various sectors, and research is no exception. Within the realm of scientific inquiry, fostering environments where individuals from all backgrounds can thrive and contribute meaningfully is not merely an ethical imperative but also a catalyst for innovation and progress. This report…